Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is an infectious viral disease that can lead to outbreaks in humans and animals. Understanding mpox symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention is crucial for effective management of this disease. Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a distinctive rash that progresses from flat lesions to painful blisters. By staying informed about these aspects of mpox, individuals can take proactive steps to protect themselves and others from infection.

First Suspected Case in India

India has reported its first suspected case of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) in an individual who traveled abroad. However, there is no need for panic as the situation is being monitored closely.

What is Mpox?

Mpox is an infectious viral disease affecting both humans and animals, caused by a DNA virus. Unlike RNA viruses, such as COVID-19, DNA viruses undergo slower mutations, making mpox less likely to change rapidly.

Symptoms of Mpox

Symptoms of mpox can vary widely among individuals. They may include:

• Rash: The mpox rash often begins on the face, spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may start as a flat sore, developing into liquid-filled blisters that can be itchy or painful.
• Fever
• Swollen Lymph Nodes
• Exhaustion
• Muscle Aches
• Sore Throat

In some cases, the rash may be the first symptom, while others may experience fever, muscle aches, or a sore throat first. Lesions can appear in various locations, including the:

• Palms and soles
• Face, mouth, and throat
• Groin and genital areas
• Anus

Important Distinction

It's important to note that while mpox blisters may resemble those of chickenpox, mpox is not associated with swollen lymph nodes, and its blisters typically appear on the palms and soles.

Latent Period and Duration

The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms can range from 3 to 17 days, and symptoms typically last between 2 to 4 weeks. Severe cases may occur, particularly in children, pregnant women, or individuals with suppressed immune systems.

Transmission

Mpox is transmitted through close contact, which includes:

• Skin-to-skin contact: Touching or sexual contact
• Mouth-to-mouth contact: Such as kissing
• Mouth-to-skin contact: Kissing or close breathing with an infected person

Additionally, it can occasionally be transmitted through contact with surfaces or materials that have been contaminated. Proper hand hygiene, including washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based sanitizers, is essential for prevention.

Avoiding Transmission

To reduce the risk of transmission, it is advisable to:

• Avoid sharing mobile phones and towels
• Avoid close contact with individuals who may be infected
• Practice safe sex

Infectivity Period

Individuals are considered infectious until all lesions have crusted over, scabs have fallen off, and new skin has formed beneath. This process usually takes 2 to 4 weeks.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of mpox can be confirmed through viral DNA PCR testing on blister fluid, scrapings, or scabs. Differential diagnoses include chickenpox, smallpox, and scabies.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Vaccination with smallpox vaccines, which may provide some protection against mpox
• Handwashing and maintaining personal hygiene
• Covering rashes and using personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Practicing social distancing

Vaccination

While smallpox vaccination may offer limited protection, those at high risk for exposure are advised to get vaccinated. The MVA-BN or JYNNEOS vaccines are live attenuated, non-replicating vaccines administered either intradermally or subcutaneously.

Treatment

Currently, treatment for mpox is largely supportive, focusing on pain and fever management, nutrition, hydration, and isolation to prevent secondary infections. While Tecovirimat may be used, it is not widely available yet.

Prognosis

The prognosis for most individuals infected with mpox is favorable, with most people recovering without complications.

Travel Considerations

There is no need to curtail foreign travel. However, it is crucial to observe safe sex practices and avoid contact with high-risk communities.

Conclusion

Unlike COVID-19, mpox is a DNA virus that does not change frequently, and there are already vaccines and treatments in place. The high-risk population is limited, so while it is essential to stay informed and vigilant, there is no immediate cause for alarm.